都是逗号惹的祸

作者：陈仁祯（湖南）

来源：《第二课堂（高中版）》，2004年第9期（pp48-50)

有许多试题，由于同学们对句子结构分析不对，尤其是对句中的逗号判断失误，从而导致一些想当然的错误。本文例举几道典型试题，供同学们参考。

1. If a book is in English, _____ means slow progress for you.

A. as        B. which      C. what        D. that

此题容易误选 A或B，想当然地根据空格前的逗号认为这是非限制性定语从句。这样分析的同学，主要是忽略了前一句句首的 if。其实此题应选D，逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。同样地，下面几题也应选 that，而不选 which：

(1) If he’s only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.

A. as        B. which      C. what        D. that

(2) If you want to go, _______is quite all right with me.

A. that       B. which       C. and it         D. so

(3) When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.

A. as        B. which      C. what        D. that

(4) If you want a double room , _____ will cost another ￡15.

A. as        B. which      C.  what       D. that

(5) If you have the money, _____ will be OK.

A. as        B. which      C. and it        D. that

下例也选 that 而不选 which，其中 that 表示“那”：

Unless I’m very much mistaken, ______ is my watch you’re wearing!

A. as        B. which      C. what        D. that

2. Not far from the school there was a garden, _____ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.

A. its       B. whose       C. which      D. that

此题很容易误选B，许多同学想当然地认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为它没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词（seated 和 playing），但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学会问，其中的 seated 不可用作谓语动词吗？不能。因为seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为 sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。请再看一个类似的例子：

(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ translated into foreign languages.

A. it      B. them       C. which     D. that

(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ were translated into foreign languages.

A. it      B. them       C. which     D. that

第(1)题应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)题应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。再请看下面一例：

(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _____ were translated into foreign languages.

A. it      B. them       C. which     D. that

此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。

请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：

(1) There I met several people, two of _____ being foreigners.

A. which     B. them       C. whom      D. that

(2) There I met several people, two of _____ were foreigners.

A. which     B. whom       C. who      D. that

(3) There I met several people, and two of _____ were foreigners.

A. which     B. them       C. whom      D. that

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