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究竟该用现在完成时还是一般过去时?
作者:李  翔  文章来源:本站原创  点击数  更新时间:2014-05-26  文章录入:李翔  责任编辑:admin

 

究竟该用现在完成时还是一般过去时?

 

■本站特约作者   

   

有位网友在英语答疑(http://ask.yygrammar.com/ask/q.asp?id=1305)提出以下问题:辅导班的一道题:

The windows are closed. Who ________ them

A. close       B. closed       C. is closing          D. has closed.

老师说答案为D 。我觉得选B未尝不可,因为,前一句已经说了窗户现在是关着的。后一句只问过去谁把窗户打开即可,不需强调对现在的影响。

笔者也认为此题应选B,即用一般过去时。先请看Michael SwanPractical English Usage (Third Edition 2005)P442上对现在完成时和一般过去时用法的区别的解释及例句:

We normally use the present perfect when we are thinking about past events together with their present results. However, we usually prefer a past tense when we identify the person, thing or circumstances responsible for a present situation (because we are thinking about the past cause, not the present result).

 That's a nice picture. Did you paint it yourself? (笔者注:该例句从Michael Swan著的《牛津英语用法指南》(第二版 翻译本)(外语教学与研究出版社20009月第1 )P581一直保留至第3版,说明Michael Swan坚持认为此处应该用一般过去时,而不是现在完成时。)

从以上可以看出句和句非常相似。句完全可以改为:

That's a nice picture. Who painted it? 同理,句也可以改为:

The windows are closed. Did you close them

相信读者对于句和句中使用一般过去时不会产生疑问,因为这两句的前部分都表示现在的状态,即某一过去的动作对现在产生的结果;而在后半部分,说话人应该关注的是动作的执行者,而非动作产生的结果,如果再提及结果就和前半部分重复。而句和句只不过是由一般疑问句改为了特殊疑问句,但时态是不应该改变的。

再请看薄冰编著《英语时态》(开明出版社 北京20001月第1) P54上的论证:The burglar came in through this window. Here are his foot marks.

[说明] 过去一般时只谈过去,和现在没有关系。但这并不是绝对的。有时过去一般时对现在也有影响,如实例中的came。尤其是谈到一些历史事实时,即使对现在仍有影响,也多用过去一般时。再如:

He’s tired because he worked hard all day today.

I travelled all around, I can spot people.

最后请看以下例证:

1. Mark Nettle and Diana HopkinsDeveloping Grammar in Context 《剑桥英语语法》普及版 韩非等译(大连理工大学出版社  20067月第1)P50

He is back with his family now. No one saw him for ten days.

My knee is much better now. I hurt my knee.

2. Ronald Carter 等著Exploring Grammar In Context 《剑桥英语语法》强化版 王海华等译(大连理工大学出版社  20068月第1)P10

AIsn’t she married to a Scandinavian os something?

BYes, she was married to a Swede, but she’s married to a New Zealander now.

3. 谢应光撰写的《英语动词现在完成体表示的意义》(上海外国语大学学报《外国语》1997年第2 P66),赵兴撰写的《再论完成时语义学》(上海外国语大学学报《外国语》1998年第4 P56)和袁晓宁、李霄翔撰写的《现时关联与现在完成体》(大连外国语学院《外语与外语教学》2004年第3)都用下两句说明一般过去时也和现在有关联。

—Why is Chris so cheerful these days?

—Well, he won a million in the lottery.

Unfortunately, he bought oil shares with all of his money. He lost every penny, so he is now as poor as before.

 

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