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英语关系代词用法要点 | |||
作者:SimpleYY 文章来源:本站原创 点击数: 更新时间:2019-12-31 |
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英语关系代词用法要点 1. 意义与用法 什么叫关系代词?简单地说,它是用于引导定语从句的代词。我们之所以把引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,是因为它们具有关联作用,能把引导的从句与所修饰的词语联系起来。 英语中的关系代词不多,主要有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等。其中who, whom 只用于指人,which, as 只用于指物,whose, that 既可于指人也可指物。关系代词在定语从句主要用作主语、宾语、表语或定语。如: Did you find the pen which you lost? 你的钢笔找到了吗? 句中的which为关系代词,由它引导的定语从句which you lost修饰名词the pen,which在定语从句中用作宾语,它也可以换成that,或省略。 A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller. 开店售书的人叫做书商。 句中的who为关系代词,由它引导的定语从句who sells books in a shop修饰名词a man,who在定语从句中用作主语。 2. that与which 两者用作关系代词时都可以指物,常可互换。两者的区别是: (1) 通常要用which的场合: ①引导非限制性定语从句时,通常只用which。如: Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。 which在此引导的是非限制性定语从句,故不可换成that。 ②直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常只用which。如: I admired the patience with which she spoke. 她说话有极大的耐心,我很钦佩。 直接用作介词with之后作宾语,只能用which,不能用that。 (2) 通常要用that的场合: ①当先行词是much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等不定代词或受其修饰时,通常用that。如: We haven’t got everything that you ordered. 你要的,我们不是样样都有。 All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye. 剩下我所要做的就是告辞了。 第一句中的定语从句that you ordered修饰不定代词everything,第二句中的定语从句that remains for me to do修饰不定代词all。两个定语从句中的that都不宜换成which。 ②当先行词受the very, the only, the same 等修饰时,通常用that。如: This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。 Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。 受定语从句修饰的example和words前分别有the only和the very修饰,故要定语从句要用that来引导。另外注意,第二句中的the very不是表示“很”,而是表示“正是”“恰是”,very在此为形容词,而不是副词。 ③当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时,通常用that。如: This is the best hotel that I know. 这是我知道的最佳旅馆。 The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。 ④当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that。如: China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的样子了。 that it was为修饰名词the country的定语从句,that在定语从句中用作连系动词was的表语,此时可以省略,但不宜换成which。 ⑤当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that。如: The train ran over a boy and his dog that were just crossing the track. 火车压死了正穿越轨道的一个男孩和他的狗。 定语从句that were just crossing the track修饰的不只是his dog,而是a boy and his dog,由于它既包含有人也包含物,故用that。 ⑥当要避免重复时。如: Which is the car that overtook us? 超过我们的是哪辆车? 由于句首用了which,所以后面修饰the car的定语从句that overtook us要用that来引导,而不用which,目的是为了避免与句首which的重复。 3. that与who (1) 互换的场合:两者均可指人,有时可互换。如: The man that [who] stole your car has been arrested. 偷你汽车的人已经捕获。 用当于all, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody和those后面引导定语从句时,通常用who,其实也可用that。如: Everyone who [that] knew him liked him. 认得他的人都喜欢他。 Nobody who [that] watched the match will ever forget it. 看了这场比赛的人都不会忘记它。 (2) 通常要用 that的场合: ①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。如: I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。 定语从句that I had seen abroad在句中修饰the men and things,故只能用that来引导;如果用who来引导,显然与被修饰的things不匹配。 ②当先行词是who时(为避免重复)。如: Who is the man (that) you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁? ③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)。如: Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。 |
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