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http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/201707/5170.html
定语从句之专题二
that引导定语从句（系统讲解内在原理）
（本文节选自高伟《魔方英语语法》第十一章第四节。已经登记版权，请勿用于商业用途。）
（原文标题：定语从句的引导词that的代替和省略）
因为引导词对先行词的复指（重复指定），所以，定语从句的引导词有时可以代替或省略。（注意，因为名从和状从没有先行词，所以，名从和状从的引导词不能代替或省略。）。如，
●The school which/that/Ø he once studied in is very famous.（由于which复指先行词the school，所以，有时可以代替为that，也可以省略。）
下文中，1/2/3/4讲代替，5/6讲that省略。
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1/2/3/4讲代替 |
that本身就是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的，同时也就出现了that与who(m)/which的对比问题。 |
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5/6讲省略 |
that作连词时可以省略的情况，和，that作代词时可以省略的情况 |
下边依次讲解。
1.that本身是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的。前边讲过，关系代词一般是由疑问代词变来的。但是，that并不是疑问代词，为何也能引导定语从句呢？这是因为，that本身就是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的。
例句（that代替who(m)/which）
●The man ____you met just now is my old friend.
（填who(m)/that/∅。who/that指人。作宾语时可以省略。）
●The man ____is walking on the playground is my old friend.
（填who/that。who/that指人。作主语时不能省略。）
●Take the book ____is lying on the table.
（填which/that。which/that指物。）
●Do you know the things and persons____they are talking about？
（先行词既有人又有物时，用that。因为that可以指人/物，用一个就可以代替。）
2. that/who(m)/which用法比较表，见下表：
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情况 \ 引导词 |
who(m)指人 |
which指物 |
that指人/物 |
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①当先行词被强势指定时 |
× |
× |
that(人/物) |
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②当先行词是不定代词时 |
who(m) |
× |
that(人/物) |
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③当主句是there be时 |
who(m) |
× |
that(人/物) |
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④当引导词作表语时 |
× |
which (人/物) |
that(人/物) |
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⑤是否能直接作介词的宾语 |
whom |
which |
× |
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⑥是否能引导非限制性定语从句 |
who(m) |
which |
× |
下边举例说明。
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各种情况下的先行词 |
举例 |
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①先行词被强势指定时，宜用that。如，the+最高级+n.；序数词+n.；the only/very/same/last+n. |
This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
This is the first American film that I have ever seen.
This is the only thing that we can do. |
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②先行词是指物的不定代词时，宜用that。如，something/anything等；all/few等（+指物名词）。 |
I want to buy something that will make me look younger.
He was talking with somebody who(m)/that I didn’t know. |
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先行词是指人的不定代词时，宜用who(m)/that。如，somebody/anybody等；all/few等（+指人名词）。 |
All the people who/that present burst into tears.
You should hand in all (the things) that you have.
All the books, which had pictures in them were sent to the little girl.（有all但非限定，则用which。） |
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③主句是there be句型时，先行词指人用who(m)/that，先行词指物用that。 |
There’re some people who/that have holidays in Hainan.
There is a seat in the corner that is still available. |
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④引导词在从句中作指人表语时，要用that或which，不能用who(m)。 |
He is not the man that he was.（用that作指人表语）
The policeman was completely trusted, which in fact he was.（在非限制性定从中，用which作指人表语。） |
注：⑤的例句见第四节.六.6。⑥的例句见第五节.一。
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