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比较状语从句中主语的单独省略初探 | |||
作者:倪肖丁 文章来源:本站原创 点击数: 更新时间:2016-08-21 |
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3.2 比较从句多为(操作词+)被动语态。 例如,句(10)More people died of flu in 1919 than were killed in the First World War,从句谓语是被动语态were killed;句(11)The result will be less effective than would be achieved by a teacher in harmony with the unit,从句谓语是包含操作词would的被动语态。 当然,从句用主动语态的现象虽然少见但也有可能。例如: (18)Statistics show that far more people are able to ride a bicycle than can drive a car. (OALD0) (19)The effects on San Francisco were much less than would've occurred with the same earthquake at a closer distance .(AHGCUS) 以上两个从句的谓语分别用了主动语态 can drive a car 和 would've occurred。 有的从句只给出了操作词,语态依上下文语境而定。比如“导语”部分提到的More people hope to live in the countryside than used to. 但无论是被动语态还是主动语态,添补从句主语时所遇到的问题却是相同的。 句(10)中,than后显然缺失主语 people,但死于流感的 people 与二战中丧生的people显然是两个不同群体。因此,不能在从句中直接用they。 句(11)中,主句的 result 与教师同团队和睦协作后取得的 result 显然不是同一结果,所以才会 less effective。显然,than 后也不能直接添补代词it。 句(18)从句中能开车的 people 与主句中能骑车的 people 是两个不同人群;句(19)中的两个 effects 也不是同一体。所以,两个从句中也都不能用 they作主语。 那么 3.1 和 3.2 两类从句如何添补主语呢?一个简单的方法是重复使用主句中的名词或代词,但须对其作出限定,使其含有定语从句。比如句(16),than 后可填入the temperature that/which;句(17)than 后可重复用 someone or something,后接that;句(18)可填入the people who或those who;句(19)可填入the effects that。 这种改写严谨有余、简洁不足。所以,CCEG认为:在口语中如果空缺的主语是sth的话,说话者会添补一个what,因为他觉得主语的空缺令人不踏实(find the subject gap uncomfortable)。比如: (20)The audience was more enthusiastic than what was expected. (CCEG) 如果空缺项是sb,理论分析时当然可选用the people who, those who等添补项。但在实际中,主语的添补远远不如空缺更自然、更便捷,并且这已成为英语的习惯。何况,有的比较从句即使想要添补主语也十分的困难。比如: (21)There are several influences at work here. One is that more women are now employed in many of these occupations than were formerly.(WDEG) 因为 than 没有表语,使得仅仅添补主语几乎没有可能。 本文导语中列出的含有used to的从句也存在类似的问题,例如Fewer people smoke these days than used to。因为few people不是一个特定的人群,因此难以与另一个特定的人群进行对比,即使将其结构补充完整成为Fewer people smoke these days than the people/those who used to,其意思显然还是错的。因为原句要对比的其实不是“人”,而是“时间”,所以 than used to相等于than before。只有将其改写为Fewer people smoke these days than before/than ever/than ever before才能准确表达原句的意思。这种情况下,主语空缺留下模糊空间成为最佳选择。 另外,有的句子初看像是比较从句主语的省略,其实不然。例如: (22)Spain's financial problems were less acute than were those of Portugal.(CGEU) (23)It is no more expensive than would be the system you are proposing. (CGEL) 句(22)中,从句的表语并非3.1中讲到的那几个常用形容词,而是名词;than后也无法添补主语,因为从语境和句义可知,从句的主语实际上就是those of Portugal;句(23)中,than从句的主语也是would be后的the system you are proposing。因此,这两句的than后都是倒装结构。还原成陈述语序分别为: ( ( 由than和引导的比较从句也可以采用倒装语序,但这是另外一个话题。 本人才疏学浅,以上讨论仅仅提供一个思考的角度。不当之处,敬请斧正。 |
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