现在分词的完成被动式的语法特征

现在分词的完成被动式有两个语法特征：一是表明它与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系；二是它表明它先于主要动作完成。如：

Having been told so beforehand, he was not surprised. 因为之前已经有人告诉他了，所以他并不惊讶。

Having been called early, he felt sleepy all day. 由于被叫醒得很早，所以整天他都觉得想睡觉。

The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。

He cites the works of two otherwise unknown authors, the originals of these works having been lost. 他引用了两位原先不出名的作者的作品，这些作品的原著已经找不到了。

Having been duly warned that I would get nowhere with my application, I went right ahead and applied anyway. 虽然有人适时提醒我这样的申请不会有什么结果，我还是执意提出了申请。

由于过去分词也可以表示先于主要动作的被动动作，所以现在分词的完成被动式有时也可简化为过去分词，即省去“having been+过去分词”中的having been。如：

(Having been) born in America, he is very good at English. 由于他是在美国出生的，所以英语很好。

(Having been) weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. 这桥屡受暴风雨的摧残，已经不安全了。