4.3关系代词that与其它关系词的用法区别　　

关系代词that在关系从句中，既可以指人，也可以指物，可以充当主语、宾语和表语。但是，that与其它关系词在用法上有以下区别：　　

　4.3.1　关系代词that和who (whom)之间的用法区别　　

关系代词that和who都可以用来指人，也都可以作主语、宾语和表语。但关系代词作主语指人时，多用who，作宾语多用whom。　　

a. 当表示人的不定代词somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, someone, anyone, everyone, no one作先行项时，关系代词既可以用that也可以用 who。例如：　　

I need someone who/that can do the work quickly.　　

There was nobody who/that did not praise them for their great accomplishment.　　

上句中的who/that通常可以省略。章振邦等教授在《新编英语语法》(第三版)(上海译文出版社1997年1月第3版)p1383，张鑫友在《英语语法难题探微词典》(华中师范大学出版社 2004年5月第1版)P85　和潘欢怀　教授在《现代英语实用句法》(北京师范大学出版社 1984年9月第1版)P465共同指出：在以“It+ be”,“That +be”或“There +be”开头的句子，关系代词作主语，通常可以省略。再如：　　

It isn’t everybody (who/that) can do that.　　

That was his brother (who) just went by.　　

There was someone (who) asked for you, Bill.　　

另外，王国栋编著的《大学英语深层语法》(清华大学出版社2005年1月第1 版)p662指出：但是，Jespersen总结出，关联词在形容词从句中作主语时，在下列六种条件下可以省略：在(1)It is…  (2) There is…  (3) That is…  (4) Here is…  (5) We have (=There is)…   (6)疑问代词what, who,等之后。不过一般以避免这种省略为好。(引自A Modern English Grammar III, 　7.5. 3　-8)　　

还有，　潘欢怀　教授却在《现代英语实用句法》(北京师范大学出版社 1984年9月第1版) p550特别指出：分裂句通常是以It is(It’s) 或It was开头，有时为了强化指示的意义，主语可以用that 或those来代替 it。例如：　　

That was the championship they won.　　

Those ae my books you’re taking away.　　

b. 当人称代词，一般为he，作先行项时，关系代词既可以用that也可以用 who，其中who最为常见。例如：　　

He who knows others is learned, and he who knows himself is wise.　　

He who respects others is constantly respected.　　

有时，也可用其他人称代词作先行项。例如：　　

They who live longest will see most.　　

You who are in the prime of life, come forth with greater contributions for the benefit of the people!　　

Success will come to him who is honest and diligent.　　

c. 指示代词those作先行项只能指人，关系代词多用who, 也可用that。例如：　　

He admires those who succeed.　　

d. 在非限制性关系从句中通常用who。例如：　　

I will pardon him, who is honest. 　　

I met Mr. Smith, who told me the news. 　　

e. 当不定代词one, all, few, none等指人时，关系代词可用who或that。例如：　　

One who/that does not trouble about his personal comfort is always respect.　　

The Wright brother continued their experiments on fling in 　　France　　 and astonished all who/that saw them.　　

As long as you stand up to the difficulties, there none that cannot be overcome.　　

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