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《that用法新探》(中)
作者:李  翔    文章来源:本站原创    点击数:    更新时间:2013/4/22    
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四、关系代词that  

4.1引言  

英国作家Oliver Goldsmith(1730 1774)This is the house that Jack build中有一句话:This is the farmer sowing his corn That kept the cock that crowed in the morn That waked the priest all shaven and shorn That married the man all tattered and torn That kissed the maiden all forlorn That milked the cow with the crumpled horn That tossed the dog that worried the cat That killed the rat that ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built.  

以上例句含有多个that引导的关系从句(Relative Clause)(在我国通常叫作定语从句(Attributive Clause))。按照规定语法,在非限制性关系从句(Non-restrictive Relative Clause)中只能用who/whom指人,用which指物,而不可以用”that。这好像是一条不可违反的禁律。比如H.W. Fowler & F. G. Fowler 在其所著的The King’s English(2nd ed.  1908)一书“Chapter II. Syntax  RELATIVES”  “b. ‘That’and ‘who’or ‘which’”里明确指出:‘That’ should never be used to introduce a non-defining clause; … 并且特别强调在下面一个句子里“That I represent” is right, “that daily share” is wrong.  

I cannot but feel that in my person and over my head you desire to pay an unexampled honour to the great country that I represent, to its Bench and Bar, that daily share your labours and keep step with your progress.Choate.  

里;接着却说:下面两句的“that”都不自然,最好改作“which”:  

We were looking at the moon, that was rising slowly.  

They were having a good time together in the park, that is now far less crowded than an hour ago.  

Those are Grecian ghosts, that in battle were slain.  

The last was Fear, that is akin to Death.  

然而,章振邦等教授在其主编的《新编英语语法》(第三版)(上海译文出版社19971月第3)p1402旗帜鲜明地反对H.W. Fowler & F. G. Fowler的说法,力挺B.Evans & C. Evans:这两种截然相反的观点反映了“规定语法”和“描写语法”在处理语言问题上的不同态度。Fowler兄弟所引述的一大批例句多半出自名家之笔,既然许多名作家有时也用that引导非限制性关系从句,从描写语法的角度看就应视为当然,而不应视为“非法”。规定语法硬把that引导的非限制性关系从句视为“不正当”,这与现代英语的实际用法是格格不入的。并且列举了that在非限制性关系从句中指人和指物的例句:  

This is Brett, that I felt like crying about.  

She is devilish like Miss Cutter, that I used to meet at Dumdum.  

I looked at Marys sad face, that I had once so passionately admired.  

At the top of the hill we paused for a moment to breathe the mare: paused just in front of the big old Rayborn house, that had stood there for more years than most of remember.  

Oh, they didn’t do that! They didn’t poke fun at my feast, that I ordered carefully for them.  

Behind the fountain there were glass shelves, and bottles of new kinds of soft drinks, that nobody ever heard of.  

Outside, on the sidewalk, just before he got into the cab, that drew up next to the curb, he shook hands with his brother.  

Bond got back into his car, that had mercifully not yet attracted the police of the traffic wardens, and motored fast across   London  .  

BUY-BNC BRTISH NATIONAL CORPUS (UK,1980s-1993) (Mark Davies, Brigham Young University ) http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/上也不难找到that引导的非限制性关系从句的例证:  

Comparative anatomy(比较解剖学), however, is an unfashionable science in the West today. The excitement concerns a bone in the floor of the skull(头盖骨), that lies between the eyes of amphisbaenians(蚓蜥), called the orbitosphenoid bone (眶蝶骨). (源自New Scientist. London: IPC Magazines Ltd, 1991, pp. ??. 2140 s-units)  

   

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