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《that用法新探》(中) | |||
作者:李 翔 文章来源:本站原创 点击数: 更新时间:2013/4/22 |
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3.5 that用于指代(demonstrative)还是替代(substitution) 3.5.1 that用于指代和替代的区别 that (复数those)有两种用法:一是作指代词(demonstrative);二是作替代词(substitution)。但是,这二者之间有时又很难区分。 《新编英语语法》(第三版)p1476:替代(Substitution)是一种避免重复、连接上下文的语法手段。这种手段的特点是用“替代词” (Substitution Pro-form)来替换上下文中的特定词语。“替代词”不同于“指代词”(Coreference Pro-form),前者仅是替代一个词语;后者则是指代一个对象。不论是替代词还是指代词都有它们的“先行项”(Antecedent),不过替代词和先行项之间是是一种“替代关系”(Replacement),而指代词和先行项之间则是一种“共指关系”(Coreference),即两者共同指向一个特定的人或物。 《英语语法词典》p824:替代是为了省略或避免重复而使用的一种方法。用来替代的词或短语叫做代用词语(substitute)或替代形式(pro-form),大多数替代形式都是复指的,即上文已经提到的某一内容。替代可以用在一个句子的内部,但多数情况是跨越句子。 根据以上观点,本文把3.3中的that看作是指代(demonstrative),3.4中的that既可以看作是指代(demonstrative),也可以看作是替代(substitution),而把do that中的that看作是替代(substitution)。例如: And it has no choice but to lie down and sleep. To do that, it must find a place where it can keep fairly warm;… 3.5.2 do it,do that和do so的区别 do it,do that和do so 表示动作、行为,多替代动态动词。do it 和do that与do so相比,更强调上文提到的具体动作或事件,三者有时可以通用。例如: “Rover is scratching the door.” “Yes, he always does so/does it/does that when he wants attention.” “John abandoned his car during the snowstorm.” “I don’t know he did so/ did it/ did that.” “I rode a camel in Morocco .” “ I’d like to do that.” 但是,do it,do that和do so之间也有差异:do it强调所做的是特定的一个动作,一件事情;do that可表示所做的是一般行为,那种事;而do so强调所做的是一般行为,那种事。试比较: Is Connie still trying to light the stove? She should have done it by now. (强调生炉子这一动作) Are you trying to light the stove with a match? I wouldn’t do that. (强调对用火柴生炉子这件事的惊奇) Martin is painting his house. I’m told he does it every four years. (前后两个场合一个动作;does that也可以) Martin is painting his house. I’m told this is merely because his neighbor did so last year. (同一种一般性动作:油漆房屋;do so 比do it/do that更强调其为类属关系) 在被动句中,通常不用do so,而较常用 do that/ do it。例如: How can free electrons be made to move along a wire? Well, men have found several ways to do that. Has the water been turned off? Who did it without asking me?
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