重点中学英语语法讲义-被动语态

一、概说

英语的语态分主动语态和被动语态，主动语态表示主语是动作是执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成：

Everybody respects him. 大家都尊敬他。 (主动语态)

He is respected by everybody. 他受到大家的尊敬。(被动语态)

二、主动语态如何变被动语态

1. 基本方法

将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，将主动谓语变为被动谓语(be+过去分词)，将主动语态的主语变为by短语(在被动句中用作状语)：

He stole our money.→Our money was stolen by him.

注：(1)若不强调动词执行者，被动语态中的by短语通常可以省略：

The house was built in 1978. 这座房子是1978年建的。

(2) 在转变语态时，要注意保持两种语态时态的一致性：

The students will study the problem.

→The problem will be studied by the students.

A friend of ours is repairing the roof.

→The roof is being repaired by a friend of ours.

2. 双宾动词的被动语态

双宾动词即指带双宾语的动词，它们在变为被动语态时，有以下两种情形值得注意：

(1) 有些双宾动词(如award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell等)在变为被动语态时，既可把间接宾语(指人)变为被动语态的主语，而把直接宾语(指事物)保留下来(称为保留宾语)，也可把直接宾语(指事物)变为被动语态的主语，而把间接宾语改为介词to 或for引起的状语(到底用to还是for，与所搭配的动词有关)。比较：

He gave her some money. 他给她一些钱。

→ She was given some money. / Some money was given to him.

He bought her a watch. 他给她买了一快表。

→ A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch.

(2) 有些双宾动词(如bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write等)通常用直接宾语(指事物)作被动语态的主语，而将间接宾语用作保留宾语(其前根据情况用介词to或for)：

Father made me a doll. → A doll was made for me.

He wrote her a letter. → A letter was written to her.

(3) 有些双宾动词(如answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spare等)通常用间接宾语(指人)作被动语态的主语，而将直接宾语用作保留宾语：

He answered me that question. → I was answered that question by him.

3. 含有情态动词的被动形式

若主动语态中谓语含有情态动词，在相应的被动语态中通常应保留该情态动词，其结构为“情态动词+be(或be的适当形式)+过去分词”：

Everyone must know this. →This must be known by everyone.

请看以下带情态动词被动句实例：

This can’t be done in a short time. 这不是短期内可以完成的。

She may have been sent to work elsewhere. 她可能被派到别处工作去了。

The door must have been locked by my wife. 门一定是我妻子锁的。

The environment should be improved. 环境应当改善。

The second point needn’t be discussed today. 第二点今天不必讨论。

三、非谓语动词的被动语态

1. 不定式的被动语态

由“to be+过去分词”构成：

He needs to be taken care of. 他需要人照顾。

Not a sound was to be heard. 听不到一点声音。

It’s better to be prepared than unprepared. 有准备比没有准备好。

注：有时用不定式的完成体被动式(to have been+过去分词)：

I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我。

2. 现在分词的被动语态

由“being+过去分词”构成：

The building being repaired is our library. 正在维修的那座楼是我们的图书馆。

Being protected by a wall，he felt quite safe. 有一堵墙保护，他感到很安全。

He was seen being taken away by the police. 有人看见他被警察带走了。

注：有时用现在分词的完成体被动式(having been+过去分词)：

Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。

3. 动名词的被动语态

由“being+过去分词”构成：

She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。

He objected to being treated as a child. 他反对被当成孩子看待。

This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。

4. 过去分词没有被动式

但过去分词本身可以表示被动意义：

The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。

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