*33. Subject-verb inversion（主语与谓语倒装）

33.1 Sentences beginning with neither, nor, so, etc.

33.2 Sentences beginning with negative adverb expressions

e.g. hardly, never, rarely, etc.

33.3 Sentences beginning with adverbs of position and direction

e.g. here, there, down, away, etc.

33.4 Sentences beginning with a fronted predicative

e.g. More important is the principle of…

33.5 Sentences beginning with only + Adv, not only

*34. Parenthesis（插入语）

e. g. actually, generally speaking, to be exact, as a result, as you see, etc.

*35. Omission（省略）

35.1 Omission through coordination （并列结构中的省略）

e. g. It’s cold in December in England, but (it’s cold ) in July in New Zealand.

35.2 Omission in the following clauses:（下列从句中的省略）

Whether…or not, whatever, as, than, the…,the…

*36. Negation （否定）

36.1 Total negation（全部否定）

36.2 Partial negation （部分否定）

36.3 Double negation （双重否定）

35.4 Transferred negation （转移否定）

e. g. I don’t think it will be cold today.

*37. Emphasis（强调）

37.1 By single words or phases（用单个词或词组）

e. g. only, even, just, ever, alone, must, still, too, very, a good (great) deal, (by) far, a lot etc.

37.2 By reflexive pronouns, auxiliary verb do or emphatic it（用反身代词、助动词do或强调结构中的it）

37.3 By inversion or competition(用倒装或重复)

e.g. Hardly did I think it possible.

I agree with every word you have said�every single word.

*38. Word formation(构词法)

38.1 Affixation(词缀法)

38.2 Conversion(转化法)

38.3 Compounding(合成法)

*39. Abbreviation(缩略法)

e.g. TV, ad, smog, etc.

40. Punctuation(标点)

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